LUNA, T., VANCE, L.K. & C. McINTYRE(2010)
Montana Field Guides: Rocky Mountain Subalpine-Montane Fen.
Montana’s Official State Website.
http://fieldguide.mt.gov/displayES_Detail.aspx?ES=9234][rot]http://fieldguide.mt.gov/displayES_Detail.aspx?ES=9234
General Description:
Fens occur infrequently throughout the Rocky Mountains from Colorado north into Canada. They are confined to specific environments defined by groundwater discharge, soil chemistry, and peat accumulation. This system includes poor fens, rich fens and extremely rich fens. Fens form at low points in the landscape or near slopes where groundwater intercepts the soil surface. Groundwater inflows maintain a fairly constant water level year-round, with water at or near the surface most of the time. Constant high water levels lead to accumulation of organic material, usually greater than 40 centimeters (15 inches), except on sites underlain by limestone bedrock. In addition to peat accumulation and perennially saturated soils, extremely rich and iron fens have distinct soil and water chemistry, with high levels of one or more minerals such as calcium, magnesium, or iron. Fens maintain stream water quality through denitrification and phosphorus absorption. They are among the most floristically diverse of all wetland types, supporting a large number of rare and uncommon bryophytes and vascular plant species, and provide habitat for uncommon mammals, mollusks and insects. Fens usually occur as a mosaic of herbaceous and woody plant communities. In herbaceous communities, there are several plant associations dominated by sedges (Carex species), spikerushes (Eleocharis species), and rushes (Juncus species). Bryophyte diversity is generally high and includes sphagnum (Sphagnum species). Forb diversity is especially high in extremely rich and iron fens. The woody community is typically composed of willow (Salix species) and birch (Betula nana) carr shrubland. The surrounding landscape may be ringed with other wetland systems: fens often grade into marshes, wet meadows or riparian shrublands, and can be surrounded by conifer swamps or wet to mesic coniferous forests. In very rare cases, fens can occur within prairie grasslands in the glaciated Great Plains. Fens are found in scattered locations along the Rocky Mountain Front, in the Rocky Mountains and and intermountain valleys, in the small isolated central mountain ranges, and at higher elevations on the Beartooth Plateau in the southern portion of the state.
LOVEGROVE, B. (1993)
The Living Deserts of Southern Africa.
224 Seiten, mit Farbfotos von Anthony Bannister, Peter Pickford und Daryl Balfour
Fernwood Press.ISBN 10: 0958315477 / ISBN 13: 9780958315470
Anbietertext:
The Living Deserts of Southern Africa by Barry Lovegrove unravels many of the mysteries associated with life in southern Africa's four desert biomes: the Desert, the Arid Savanna, the Succulent Karoo and the Nama Karoo. Extensively illustrated with colour photos throughout.
LIBEREK, M. (1999)
Ecologie du chat sauvage, Felis s. silvestris Schreber 1777, dans le Jura vaudois (Suisse). Influence de la couverture neigeuse.
Thèse. Université de Neuchâtel.
liberek-biblio
JANKE, K. & KREMER, B. P. (2003)
Das Watt. Kosmos Naturführer.
12 Seiten
Franckh-Kosmos Verlags GmbH, Stuttgart. ISBN-13: 978-3-440-09449-5.
Verlagstext:
Das Wattenmeer, seit 2009 Weltnaturerbe der UNESCO, ist Erholungsgebiet für Millionen von Menschen und einmalig abwechslungsreich. Bis zu zwölf Millionen Zugvögel nutzen es jährlich, rund 10.000 verschiedene Tier- und Pflanzenarten leben hier an Land und im Wasser. Das Buch bietet Tipps zum Entdecken und Beobachten sowie ausführliche Informationen zu Tieren und Pflanzen.
HOFMEISTER, H. (1990)
Lebensraum Wald.
3. Auflage. Verlag Paul Parey, Hamburg und Berlin. ISBN 3-490-17118-7. 276 Seiten.
Inhalt:
Darstellung der Bäume und Sträucher mit Bestimmungsschlüssel, der Waldbodenpflanzen, der Waldgesellschaften und der Beziehungen von Wald und Umwelt. Im Anhang Verzeichnis von Zeigerwerten, Lebensformen und ökologischen Gruppen der berücksichtigten Pflanzenarten.
HALSEY, L. A., VITT, D. H. & GIGNAC, K. D. (2000)
Sphagnum-Dominated Peatlands in North America Since the Last Glacial Maximum: Their Occurrence and Extent.
The Bryologist 103 (2): 334-352.
Abstract:
Sphagnum-dominated peatlands occupy extensive tracts of land throughout the Boreal and Subarctic regions of North America, extending north onto the Low Arctic of the Canadian Shield and south along the west coast of Oregon, Rocky Mountains of Wyoming, and Appalachians of West Virginia. In addition, short pocosins found along the southeastern coast also can be considered as Sphagnum-dominated peatlands, even though they differ significantly from traditional concepts of boreal peatlands. Along the southern limit of Sphagnum-dominated peatlands, where climate is limiting, edaphic factors allow for the development of outliers. As the current distribution of Sphagnum-dominated peatlands is related to Sphagnum spore rain, past distributions of Sphagnum-dominated peatlands can be constructed from spore records preserved in lakes and peatlands. Here we present six time slices extending back to the Last Glacial Maximum to determine how Sphagnum-dominated peatlands have varied in both time and space. The spore record indicates that Sphagnum-dominated peatlands were present in North America during the Last Glacial Maximum although they were spatially limited to central Alaska, the Olympic Peninsula and Puget Trough of Washington, and to a narrow band in the eastern states of Kentucky, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Maryland. During the Late Wisconsinan Sphagnum-dominated peatlands shifted northwards in eastern North America and expanded farther into Alaska and the Midwest. The Late Wisconsinan/Holocene transition marks a time of overall increase in the area supporting Sphagnum-dominated peatlands, while extending farther in eastern Canada and western continental and coastal regions, they almost completely disappear in the Midwest where they were extensive earlier. Sphagnum-dominated peatlands generally reach their current extent about 2,000–3,000 years ago. Sphagnum-dominated peatlands have dramatically changed their distribution and abundance since the Last Glacial Maximum, and hence the carbon that is stored in these present-day important sinks has also changed dramatically. When compared to the estimated 220 Pg of carbon stored in North American peatlands today, less than 10% of this carbon was present in these peatland during the LGM.
GÜRTLER, W.-D. (2011)
Zur Ernährung und Raumnutzung einiger afrikanischer Pflanzenfresser in aridem Umfeld.
MILU, Mitteilungen aus dem Tierpark Berlin, Band 13, Heft 4, S. 576 - 594, 2011, ISSN 0076-8839
Zusammenfassung:
GEIST, V. (1998)
Deer of the world – their evolution, behaviour and ecology.
432 Seiten.
Stackpole Books. ISBN-13: 9780811704960
Anbietertext:
Deer of the World tells the fascinating story of how the family Cervidae has evolved over the past 30 million years and how its adaptations have made it one of the most successful mammals in the world today. Here Dr Valerius Geist combines over 40 years of firsthand research with information from English, German, and Russian sources both published and unpublished to form the most comprehensive, up-to-date volume available on deer evolution, behaviour, and ecology. Since prehistory, deer have flourished in nearly every habitat, from desert to forest, from topics to tundra and have left a fossil record of dramatic earlier forms. As glaciers and humans altered the earth's landscape, deer adapted. Deer of the World defines the body types of both past and present species, revealing how they avoid predation, whether they prefer dense vegetation or open plains habitat, whether their numbers are limited by resources or predators, and how well-suited they are to their environments.
COWLING, R. & RICHARDSON, D. (1995)
Fynbos - South Africa's Unique Floral Kingdom.
156 Seiten, farbig illustriert.
Fernwood Press, Vlaeberg. ISBN 1-874950-10-5.
Verlagstext:
Beautifully illustrated in full colour throughout, this is a scientifically accurate guide to the fynbos biome - the Mediterranean-type vegetation of the Cape Floral Kingdom. With over 8,600 plant species (5,600 endemic) in 90,000 square kilometres, this region is one of the most floristically rich in the world.
CHIDUMAYO, E.N. (1992)
The utilisation and status of dambos in southern Africa: a Zambian case study.
In: MATIZA, T. & CHABWELA, H.N. (eds.) Wetlands conservation conference for southern Africa (pp. 105-108). IUCN, Gland (1992).