Generic Revision in the Holarctic Ground Squirrel Genus Spermophilus.

Journal of Mammalogy 90 (2), 14 April 2009, Pages 270–305, https://doi.org/10.1644/07-MAMM-A-309.1

Abstract:

The substantial body of research on Holarctic ground squirrels amassed over the past century documents considerable variability in morphological, cytogenetic, ecological, and behavioral attributes in the genus Spermophilus F. Cuvier, 1825. Recent molecular phylogenetic studies suggest that the traditionally recognized genera Marmota Blumenbach, 1779 (marmots), Cynomys Rafinesque, 1817 (prairie dogs), and Ammospermophilus Merriam, 1892 (antelope ground squirrels) render Spermophilus paraphyletic, potentially suggesting that multiple generic-level lineages should be credited within Spermophilus. Herein, we recognize 8 genera formerly subsumed in Spermophilus, each of which is morphologically diagnosable, craniometrically distinctive, and recovered as a monophyletic clade in phylogenetic analyses utilizing the mitochondrial gene cytochrome b. Generic-level names are available for each of these ground squirrel assemblages, most of which are exclusively or predominantly North American in distribution (Notocitellus A. H. Howell, 1938; Otospermophilus Brandt, 1844; Callospermophilus Merriam, 1897; Ictidomys J. A. Allen, 1877; Poliocitellus A. H. Howell, 1938; Xerospermophilus Merriam, 1892; and Urocitellus Obolenskij, 1927). Only Spermophilus sensu stricto is restricted to Eurasia. Generic subdivision of Spermophilus more aptly illuminates the taxonomic relationships, ecomorphological disparity, and biogeographic history of Holarctic ground squirrels.

helgen-biblio

Spermophilus richardsonii.

MAMMALIAN SPECIES No. 243, pp. 1-8, 3 figures. Published 13 December 1985 by The American Society of Mammalogists.

Der Artikel folgt dem üblichen Schema der Mammalian Species-Datenblätter mit folgenden Abschnitten:
Context and Content; Diagnosis; General Characters; Distribution; Form and Function; Ontogeny and Reproduction; Ecology; Behavior; Literature.

michener-biblio

Spermophilus lateralis.

MAMMALIAN SPECIES No. 440, pp. 1-8, 3 figures. Published 23 April 1993 by The American Society of Mammalogists.

Der Artikel folgt dem üblichen Schema der Mammalian Species-Datenblätter mit folgenden Abschnitten:
Context and Content; Diagnosis; General Characters; Distribution; Form and Function; Ontogeny and Reproduction; Ecology; Behavior; Literature.

bartels-biblio

Marmota caligata (Rodentia: Sciuridae).

Mammalian Species 43 (884):155-171.

Abstract:

Marmota caligata (Eschscholtz, 1829), a large ground squirrel commonly called the hoary marmot, is 1 of 15 species of extant marmots. It is distributed in western North America from Alaska and Canada south to Washington and Montana and is found at elevations ranging from sea level to 2,500 m . M . caligata prefers alpine and subalpine boulder piles and talus slopes surrounded by meadows. The species is listed as "Least Concern" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, although populations of Montague Island and Glacier Bay are of conservation concern by the State of Alaska.

braun-biblio

Sciurus variegatoides.

Mammalian Species 500: 1–6, https://doi.org/10.2307/3504282

Der Artikel folgt dem üblichen Schema der "Mammalian Species" Datenblätter mit folgenden Abschnitten:
Context and Content; Diagnosis; General Characters; Distribution; Form and Function; Ontogeny and Reproduction; Ecology; Behavior; Literature.

Es wird vermutet, dass S. variegatoides, S. colliaei und S. yucatanensis eine einzige Art seien:
Sciurus variegatoides, S. colliaei, and S. yucatanensis may be fragmented segments of one species whose geographic range once extended along the Pacific lowlands and uplands from Sonora to southern Guatemala, across eastern Guatemala into the Yucatan Peninsula, and throughout Central America to Panama.

best-biblio

70 Jahre Goldhamster in menchlicher Obhut - wie groß sind die Unterschiede zu seinen wildelebenden Verwandten?

Tierlaboratorium 23: 86-99

Zusammenfassung:

Der Goldhamster gehört zu den wohletablierten Versuchstieren und ist eines der populärsten Heimtiere in der westlichen Welt. Alle Labor- und Heimtierpopulationen stammen ursprünglich von einer Brueder-Schwester-Paarung aus dem Jahr 1930 ab. Bis heute kommen fast alle Daten über Verhalten, Chronobiologie, Immunologie und Physiologie von Laborstämmen.

Wir haben 19 wilde Goldhamster in drei verschiedenen Orten im natürlichen Verbreitungsgebiet in der Nähe von Aleppo / Syrien gefangen und einen neuen Zuchtstamm etabliert. Die ersten Resultate vergleichender Studien zeigen für die domestizierten Stämme eine drastische Reduktion der genetischen Variabilität. Bei dem verhaltensbiologischen, chronobiologischen, morphometrischen, hämatologischen und biochemischen Parametern haber wir jedoch nur geringe Differenzen zwischen den Labor- und Wildgoldhamstern gefunden. Sie entsprechen den üblichen Variationen zwischen Versuchstierstämmen. Außer der Übersicht zu ersten Resultaten werden Fakten zur natürlichen Lebensweise und Kulturgeschichte des Goldhamsters mitgeteilt.

gattermann-biblio

Die Gruppe der Mesocricetus-Arten.

Archiv für Naturgeschichte, Berlin 84(1): 373-392.

Inhalt:

Es werden folgende Arten beschrieben:

• Cricetus (Mesocricetus) nigriculus (= Cricetus nigricans Brandt, 1832, heute = Mesocricetus raddei)
• Cricetus (Mesocricetus) Raddëi
• Cricetus (Mesocricetus) Brandti
• Cricetus (Mesocricetus) Newtoni
• Cricetus (Mesocricetus) auratus

Schädel und Gebisse der ersten vier sowie von Cricetus cricetus sind auf einer Tafel dagestellt.

nehring-biblio

Über Waldelefanten.

Der Zoologische Garten 86 (1-6): 108-166

Abstract:

An attempt is made to provide a survey of the African Forest Elephants kept in various zoological gardens between 1882 and the present. Due to the very mixed quality and reliability of sources, and the difficult question which elephants from the northern part of their range may have been hybrids, I do not offer the data as a table. The two main areas of origin were today‘s Gabon and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, specifically the elephant training stations at Api and Gangala-na-Bodio or Wando and Aru. In the elephant training centers, four calves were born in 1930, of which three survived. From Gangala-na-Bodio, Forest Elephants, Savannah Elephants and hybrids between both have been exported. There are also exports for which data are available, but not on their final destination.

I also discuss the possible existence of Pigmy Elephants, coming to the conclusion that there is no proof. Growth tables and photographs of Forest Elephants in zoological gardens offer too little support for the thesis. Studies of the anatomy and the genome and observations of free-living Forest Elephants suggest that Pigmy Elephants do not exist as a taxonomic unit.

In many cases, the health of Forest Elephants kept in zoological gardens was poor. This was largely due to insufficient housing and management, preventing breeding in Europe and in America. This would have been only theoretically possible in a few cases anyway. Most Forest Elephants were kept as single individuals, either alone or together with African Savanna or Asian Elephants. Unlike those kept in the elephant training centers in what was then the Belgian Congo, most Forest Elephants in zoos were short-lived. With the current knowledge of elephant management, a new start in keeping and breeding Forest Elephants could be made outside their native home. They are critically endangered due to loss of habitat and severe poaching.

schürer-biblio

Reproductive biology of Palaemon pandaliformis (Stimpson, 1871) (Crustacea, Decapoda, Caridea) from two estuaries in southeastern Brazil.

Invertebrate Reproduction & Development 53 (4): 223-232. https://doi.org/10.1080/07924259.2009.9652308 .

Abstract:

The reproductive biology of Palaemon pandaliformis was investigated in the estuaries of the Comprido and Ubatumirim rivers at Ubatuba, State of São Paulo, Brazil, by means of samples obtained from April 2003 to March 2004. Samples were collected monthly, using sieves, which were passed several times under the marginal vegetation. In the laboratory, the sex of each shrimp was assessed and the carapace length (CL, mm) measured. Ovigerous females were separated and counted for determination of fecundity. The egg diameter was measured with a calibrated micrometer scale under an stereo-microscope. The breeding period was seasonal in the Comprido River Estuary, and continuous throughout the year in the Ubatumirim River estuary. The mean size of ovigerous females was higher in the population in the Comprido River (5.90±0.68 mm CL ±sd) than in the Ubatumirim River (5.50±0.58 mm). The most intense reproductive period of P. pandaliformis was from October 2003 to March 2004 for bo h estuaries. The mean fecundity of P. pandaliformis in the Comprido River was 189±53 eggs (n=124), and at Ubatumirim, 130±25; mean ±sd eggs (n=80), values that are similar to other palaemonid species from similar latitudes. A positive correlation between the number of eggs and the size of the female was obtained for both populations. The eggs were relatively small, indicative of low energy allocation to each embryo, with mean dimensions ranging from 0.44±0.08 mm to 0.69±0.069 mm.

campaneli-biblio

Infestation of two shrimp species of the genus Palaemon Fabricius, 1798 (Decapoda, Palaemonidae) by an isopod of the genus Probopyrus Giard & Bonnier, 1888 (Bopyridae) from the Brazilian southeast coast.

NAUPLIUS 26: e2018026. DOI 10.1590/1678-4766e201802 .

Abstract:

We determined the infestation rate of Probopyrus sp. in populations of Palaemon pandaliformis (Stimpson, 1871) and P. northropi (Rankin, 1898) in the Ubatumirim River, localized in a mangrove ecosystem on Ubatumirim Beach, northern coast of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Samplings were carried out monthly from April 2003 to March 2004. Monthly prevalence varied from 0 to 4.94 % for P. pandaliformis, and from 0 to 4.54 % for P. northropi. This is the first record of Probopyrus sp. infesting the studied species in this region. Species of Probopyrus (Giard and Bonnier, 1888) seem to have a high plasticity with regard to palaemonid hosts, as they can be parasites of shrimps in both Palaemon (Fabricius, 1798) and Macrobrachium (Spence Bate, 1868). The linear relationships between the parasite and host sizes suggest that the parasite infests both hosts early in their development. We concluded that the infestation of Probopyrus sp. has little impact on Palaemon populations, mostly due to the low prevalence of infestation.

nunes-biblio