Montag, 30 Juli 2018 11:00

PILGRIM, M. & BIDDLE, R. (2013)

EAZA Best Practice Guidelines Black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis)

85 Seiten, mit Abbildungen, Verbreitungskartten und Tabellen.
1st edition. EAZA Amsterdam.  

EAZA Preamble

Right from the very beginning it has been the concern of EAZA and the EEPs to encourage and promote the highest possible standards for husbandry of zoo and aquarium animals. For this reason, quite early on, EAZA developed the “Minimum Standards for the Accommodation and Care of Animals in Zoos and Aquaria”. These standards lay down general principles of animal keeping, to which the members of EAZA feel themselves  committed. Above and beyond this, some countries have defined regulatory minimum standards for the keeping of individual species  regarding the size and  furnishings  of  enclosures  etc., which, according  to  the  opinion  of  authors,  should  definitely be fulfilled before allowing such animals to be kept within the area of the jurisdiction of those countries. These minimum standards are intended to determine the borderline of acceptable animal welfare. It is not permitted to fall short of these standards. How difficult it is to determine the standards, however, can be seen in the fact that minimum standards vary from country to country.

Above and beyond this, specialists of the EEPs and TAGs have undertaken the considerable task of laying down guidelines for keeping individual animal species. Whilst some aspects of husbandry reported in the guidelines will define minimum standards, in  general, these  guidelines are not to  be  understood as minimum equirements; they represent best practice. As such the EAZA Best Practice Guidelines for keeping animals intend rather to describe  the desirable design of nclosures and prerequisites for animal keeping  that are, according to the  present state  of  knowledge, considered as being optimal for each species. They intend above all to indicate how  nclosures should be designed and what conditions should be fulfilled for the optimal care of individual species.

Preamble

These Best Practice Guidelines were based on "concept husbandry guidelines for Black rhino (Diceros bicornis)" which were produced by Valentijn Assenberg and Thijs van den Houten for the final thesis of their Animal  Management course at the Van  Hall Larenstein Institute. The data to form the concept husbandry guidelines was collected by a literature study and a questionnaire. The literature was chosen from a number of sources. A full referencelist can be found at the end of this document.
The questionnaire was partly based on the AZA husbandry manual and partly on the EAZA husbandry guidelines for the greater one-horned rhino. The AZA husbandry manual was published in 1996 and covers all five rhino species and is made with the help of the International Rhino Foundation. The EAZA husbandry guidelines for the Greater one-horned rhino were published in 2002 by Basel Zoo.

pilgrim-biblio

Freigegeben in P
Donnerstag, 14 Juni 2018 13:44

REINOLD, C. (2014)

Akustische Kommunikation bei im Zoo gehaltenen Nashörnern (Ceratotherium simum, Rhinoceros unicornis).

Diplomarbeit

71 Seiten

Department of Integrative Zoology, Universität Wien
Zoo Salzburg, Zoo Schönbrunn Wien

Zusammenfassung:

Die vorliegende Studie befasst sich mit der akustischen Kommunikation bei Breitmaulnashörnern (Ceratotherium simum) und Indischen Panzernashörnern (Rhinoceros unicornis), die in österreichischen Zoos gehalten werden. Untersucht wurden die unterschiedlichen Lauttypen bezüglich ihrer temporalen und spektralen Zusammensetzung, speziell dem Vorhandensein von Infraschallkomponenten. Dazu wurden sechs Individuen der Breitmaulnashörner im Zoo Salzburg und zwei Individuen der Panzernashörner im Zoo Schönbrunn in Wien aufgenommen.
Bei den beobachteten Individuen der Breitmaulnashörner konnten zehn Lauttypen unterschieden werden. Diese waren Schnauben, Doppelschnauben, Prusten, Keuchen, Grunzen, Brüllen, Knurren, Ächzen, Muhen und ein Trompetenlaut. Davon war das Schnauben der am häufigsten produzierte Lauttyp. Die Ergebnisse der analysierten Laute zeigen, dass die tiefste gemessene Grundfrequenz bei 86 Hertz lag. Diesen Frequenzwert gab es bei vier Lauttypen, dem Schnauben, Doppelschnauben, Prusten und Grunzen. Durchschnittlich dauerten die Laute dieser Nashornart immer unter einer Sekunde, wobei hier das Keuchen eine Ausnahme bildet. Dieser Lauttyp ist ein wiederholender Laut, der aus mehreren Elementen aufgebaut ist. Die Laute dieser Tiere waren oft stark mit der Atmung verbunden und zeigten in den Spektrogrammen eine rauschhafte Struktur, während es keine harmonischen Bestandteile gab.

Die Analyse der Laute der Panzernashörner ergab fünf unterschiedliche Lauttypen, das Grunzen, Doppelgrunzen, Schnauben, Prusten und Hupen. Diese Nashornart hatte die tiefste gemessene Grundfrequenz bei 284 Hertz, wobei die Durchschnittswerte bei allen Lauttypen im Bereich von etwa 350 bis 380 Hertz lagen. Die Dauer war bei den Lauten der Panzernashörner durchschnittlich zwischen etwa 0,5 bis 1,2 Sekunden.
Im Vergleich wurde die akustische Kommunikation von den Breitmaulnashörnern mehr benutzt. So hatten sie ein größeres Lautrepertoire und ihre Laute hatten auch tiefere Frequenzwerte, sowohl bei der maximalen Energie, als auch der Grundfrequenz der Laute. Infraschallkomponenten konnten hier zwar in den Lauten beider Arten nicht gefunden werden, allerdings wurden diese in anderen Untersuchungen festgestellt, weshalb die Kommunikation mittels Infraschall bei Nashörnern nicht ausgeschlossen werden kann.

Abstract:

This study is about the acoustic communication of White Rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) and Indian Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis), which are captive in zoos in Austria. The investigation was about their different types of calls and the analysis of their temporal and spectral composition. Especially the existence of infrasound components was measured. Recorded were six individuals of White Rhinoceroses in the zoo Salzburg and two individuals of Indian Rhinoceroses in the zoo Schönbrunn in Vienna. As a result, ten different call types were distinct for the observed White Rhinoceroses. These were snort, double-snort, puff, pant, grunt, roar, snarl, groan, moo and a trumpet-sound. From these the snort was the most frequent sound type. The results show, that the lowest measured fundamental frequency was at 86 Hertz. This frequency had four call types, snort, double snort, puff and grunt. The mean duration of all call types, was less than one second, except the pant, which is a repetitive sound composed of a few elements. In many cases the sound production was connected with a loud respiration and the spectrogram showed a noisy structure, but never harmonic components.

Analysing the sounds of the Indian Rhinoceroses represented five different call types, which were grunt, double grunt, snort, puff and honk. In this rhino species the lowest measured fundamental frequency was at 284 Hertz and the mean fundamental frequency of all types was between around 350 to 380 Hertz. The duration of all call types of the Indian Rhinoceroses was on average between 0,5 and 1,2 seconds. In comparison the White Rhinoceroses use more acoustic communication. They have a wider vocal repertoire and their calls have lower frequencies, in fundamental frequency and maximal amplitude. No infrasound components were found in the calls of both species, but in other studies they were found. That’s why communication with infrasound couldn’t be locked out for rhinos.

 

reinold-biblio

Freigegeben in R
© Peter Dollinger, Zoo Office Bern hyperworx