McCULLOUGH, D. R. (2009)
Sika Deer in Korea and Vietnam.
In: McCULLOUGH, D. R., TAKATSUKI, S. & KAJI, K. (eds., 2008) Sika Deer – Biology and Management of Native and Introduced Populations: 541-548. Springer Verlag, Tokyo, Berlin Heidelberg, New York. ISBN 978-4-431-0-9428-9-
Verlagstext zum Band:
Sika deer, the graceful spotted deer of Japanese and Chinese art, originally were native to Asia from far-east Russia to Vietnam to the islands of Japan and Taiwan. They are widely raised in captivity to supply velvet antler for traditional medicine. They also were introduced to Europe, North America, and New Zealand, where they compete or interbreed with native deer. Sika deer typically occupy lowland hardwood forests with low winter snow depths, where they thrive in sites disturbed by fire, storm, or logging. In high numbers they can severely impact vegetation though overgrazing, stripping bark from trees and damaging crop fields and forest plantations. Their numbers are high in many parts of Japan, moderate in Russia, and reduced or extinct in the wild in China, Korea, Vietnam, and Taiwan. This book explores their basic biology, behavior, and ecology, including management for sport hunting, conservation or recovery of threatened populations, and resolution of conflict with humans in native and introduced lands.
McCULLOUGH, D. R. (1999)
Sika Deer Project News.
IUCN-SSC Deer Specialist Group News 15: 6-7.
Einleitung:
I am currently involved in a genetics study of the sika deer in Asia. This cooperative project involves scientists in Japan, Taiwan, Russia, China, Vietnam, and Great Britain, and DNA labs in Japan, Taiwan, and Scotland. Recently I have visited countries over most of the geographic distribution to gather tissue samples, and to assess the status of the species. The sika deer has been raised in captivity for antlers for the Chinese medicine market for many years, but uncontrolled hunting and habitat loss either has, or is, driving them to extinction in the wild.
Currently, China has some 600,000 in captivity, and less than 600 (and declining) in three isolated populations in the wild. They are extinct in the wild in Vietnam and Taiwan. Both countries have native sika deer in captivity, Vietnam about 3,000 in various locations, including 2 national parks, and Taiwan about 400 in 2 locations. They are also extinct in South Korea, and apparently no original stock is in captivity. Their status in North Korea is not known. Substantial wild populations still occur in Far East Russia and Japan.
McCULLOUGH, D.R., BALLOU, J.D. & FISCHER, J.K.. (1996)
From bottleneck to metapopulation: recovery of the tule elk in California.
In McCULLOUGH, D. R. , ed. Metapopulations and wildlife conservaton: 375-410.
Island Press, Washington, D.C.
Inhalt des Bandes:
Development of rural landscapes is converting once-vast expanses of open space into pockets of habitat where wildlife populations exist in isolation from other members of their species. The central concept of metapopulation dynamics -- that a constellation of partially isolated patches can yield overall stability to a system that is chaotic at the level of the individual patch -- offers an important new way of thinking about the conservation and management of populations dispersed among small habitat fragments. This approach is proving to be a rich resource for biologists hoping to arrest the current catastrophic loss of biodiversity.
An understanding of metapopulation theory and analysis is critical to the modern practice of wildlife conservation and management. This volume provides a comprehensive overview of the subject, addressing the needs of an applied professional audience for comprehensible information to integrate into their practices. Leading conservation biologists, ecologists, wildlife managers, and other experts consider the emergence and development of metapopulation theory and explore its applicability and usefulness to real-world conservation programs.
Introductory chapters provide background information on basic concepts such as models, genetics, landscape configuraton, and edges and corridors. Subsequent chapters present detailed methods of analyzing metapopulation structure. Case studies of an array of vertebrate species, including the Swedish pool frog, the northern spotted owl, Stephens' kangaroo rat, Florida scrub jay, Mediterranean monk seal, Steller sea lion, tule elk, and others, illustrate nuances of metapopulation theory analysis and its practical applications.
Contributors describe what metapopulation approaches bring to wildlife conservation and management, present models of how metapopulation thinking has been applied in specific situations, and suggest the analysis required in given cases. Metapopulations and Wildlife Conservation is essential reading for anyone working in the field of wildlife conservation and managment.
MARTIN, C. (1973)
Die Barasingha-Population des Kanha-Nationalparkes.
Vierteljahresschrift der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Zürich, 118: 97-106.
martin-biblio
LEHMANN, E. von & SÄGESSER, H. (1986)
Capreolus capreolus Linnaeus, 1758 - Reh.
In: NIETHAMMER, J. & KRAPP, F., Handbuch der Säugetiere Europas Band 2/II (Paarhufer): 233-268.
AULA-Verlag GmbH, Wiesbaden.
lehmann-biblio
KISTLER, R. (1995)
Sikahirsche in der Schweiz.
Wildbiologie in der Schweiz 6/23. Wildtier Schweiz, Zürich.
Das ursprüngliche Verbreitungsgebiet des Sika liegt im östlichen, asiatischen Kontinent und den vorgelagerten japanischen Inseln. Sämtliche anderen Vorkommen sind auf ausgesetzte oder aus Gehegen entwichene Tiere zurückzuführen. Freilebende Sikapopulationen existieren heute in vielen europäischen Ländern. Das einzige Vorkommen in der Schweiz liegt auf dem Südranden im Kanton Schaffhausen sowie im Grenzgebiet des Rafzerfeldes. Der Sika ist sehr anpassungsfähig und bewohnt unterschiedliche Lebensräume, von der Küstenzone bis zur subalpinen Stufe. Er bevorzugt aber gebüsch- und unterholzreiche Mischwälder. Die weiblichen Tiere leben sehr ortstreu, männliche Tiere, vor allem junge Hirsche, scheinen grössere Streifgebiete zu nutzen.
KIDJO, N., FERACCI, G., BIDEAU, E., GONZALEZ, G., MATTEI, C., MARCHAND, B. & AULAGNIER, S. (2007)
Extirpation and reintroduction of the Corsican red deer Cervus elaphus corsicanus in Corsica.
Oryx Vol. 41 (4): 488-494, ISSN 0030-6053. Fauna and Flora International. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0030605307012069
Abstract:
The Endangered Corsican red deer Cervus elaphus corsicanus was extirpated from Corsica in the early 1970s, at which time the Sardinian population fell to <250 individuals. The Sardinian authorities agreed to protect this subspecies and to secure its reintroduction in Corsica, a natural choice, considering ethological and historical descriptions. Since the beginning of 1985, when the first deer destined for captive breeding and eventual reintroduction arrived in Corsica, the population increased from 13 Sardinian founders to 106 captive animals under constant monitoring in three enclosures (Quenza, Casabianda and Ania di Fium'Orbu). The sites of Quenza, Chisà and Santo Pietro di Venaco were selected by the Regional Nature Park of Corsica for the reintroduction into the wild that began in 1998. Currently the size of the whole Corsican population is c. 250 individuals. These deer are still closely monitored and studied, both in enclosures and in the wild, to secure the long-term conservation of this subspecies. The Corsican and Sardinian populations together now total slightly >1,000, and the subspecies could therefore be downgraded to Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List.
KERN, C. (2008)
Beobachtungen zur Fortpflanzungsbiologie beim Davidshirsch.
Milu, Berlin 12: 314-325.
HOFMANN, R. R. (2006)
Milu-Jubiläum in China.
Milu, Berlin 11: 739-746.
GEIST, V. (1998)
Deer of the world – their evolution, behaviour and ecology.
432 Seiten.
Stackpole Books. ISBN-13: 9780811704960
Anbietertext:
Deer of the World tells the fascinating story of how the family Cervidae has evolved over the past 30 million years and how its adaptations have made it one of the most successful mammals in the world today. Here Dr Valerius Geist combines over 40 years of firsthand research with information from English, German, and Russian sources both published and unpublished to form the most comprehensive, up-to-date volume available on deer evolution, behaviour, and ecology. Since prehistory, deer have flourished in nearly every habitat, from desert to forest, from topics to tundra and have left a fossil record of dramatic earlier forms. As glaciers and humans altered the earth's landscape, deer adapted. Deer of the World defines the body types of both past and present species, revealing how they avoid predation, whether they prefer dense vegetation or open plains habitat, whether their numbers are limited by resources or predators, and how well-suited they are to their environments.