Sonntag, 18 November 2018 09:43

CLUBB, R. & MASON, G. J. (2007)

Natural behavioural biology as a risk factor in carnivore welfare: How analysing species differences could help zoos improve enclosures.

Applied Animal Behaviour Science 102 (3–4): 303-328

Abstract:

In captivity, some species often seem to thrive, while others are often prone to breeding problems, poor health, and repetitive stereotypic behaviour. Within carnivores, for instance, the brown bear, American mink and snow leopard typically adapt well to captivity and show few signs of poor welfare, while the clouded leopard and polar bear are generally hard to breed successfully and/or to prevent from performing abnormal behaviour. Understanding the fundamental source of such differences could enable reproductive success and behavioural normalcy to be improved in zoos and breeding centres, by increasing the appropriateness of the enclosure designs and environmental enrichments offered particular species, and by allowing these to be offered pre-emptively instead of reactively. Here, we demonstrate that a significant proportion of the variation in apparent welfare between captive carnivore species stems from specific aspects of natural behaviour. We tested pre-existing hypotheses that species-typical welfare is predicted by natural hunting behaviour, general activity levels, ranging, or territorial patrolling (all activities that are constrained in captivity), by collating data on median stereotypy levels and infant mortality for multiple captive species, and then regressing these against median values for the relevant aspects of natural behavioural biology (e.g. hunts per day, proportion of flesh in the diet, home-range size, etc.). Our results revealed that instead of relating to foraging (e.g. hunting), as often assumed, carnivore stereotypy levels are significantly predicted by natural ranging behaviour (e.g. home-range size and typical daily travel distances). Furthermore, naturally wide-ranging lifestyles also predicted relatively high captive infant mortality rates. These results suggest that enclosure designs and enrichments focussing on carnivores’ ranging tendencies (e.g. providing more space, multiple den sites, greater day-to-day environmental variability/novelty, and/or more control over exposure to aversive or rewarding stimuli) could be particularly effective means of improving welfare; and also, that targeting such enrichment programmes on wide-ranging species, before problems even emerge, might effectively pre-empt their development. Alternatively, species with relatively small ranges could instead be made the focus of future collections and breeding programmes, zoos phasing out wide-ranging carnivores in favour of those species inherently more suited to current or readily achievable enclosure sizes and enrichment regimes.

chubb-biblio

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Captive breeding of pangolins: current status, problems and future prospects.

ZooKeys 507: 99-114 (08 Jun 2015).
https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.507.6970.

Abstract:

Pangolins are unique placental mammals with eight species existing in the world, which have adapted to a highly specialized diet of ants and termites, and are of significance in the control of forest termite disaster. Besides their ecological value, pangolins are extremely important economic animals with the value as medicine and food. At present, illegal hunting and habitat destruction have drastically decreased the wild population of pangolins, pushing them to the edge of extinction. Captive breeding is an important way to protect these species, but because of pangolin’s specialized behaviors and high dependence on natural ecosystem, there still exist many technical barriers to successful captive breeding programs. In this paper, based on the literatures and our practical experience, we reviewed the status and existing problems in captive breeding of pangolins, including four aspects, the naturalistic habitat, dietary husbandry, reproduction and disease control. Some recommendations are presented for effective captive breeding and protection of pangolins.

Ganzer Text: http://zookeys.pensoft.net/articles.php?id=5419

Freigegeben in H
Donnerstag, 14 Juni 2018 07:42

CIRKULAN, S. (2016)

Načrtovanje oskrbe in Živiljenjskega prostora obročkstorepth makijev ali kat (Lemur catta) v Bioparku Lipovec.

Planning of supply and habitat for Ring-tailed Lemur (Lemur catta) in Biopark Lipovec.

Diplomarbeit

Universität Ljubljana, Pädagogische Fakultät und Biotechnische Fakultät
Mentor: doc. dr. Miha Krofel

Zoo Augsburg. Direktorin: Dr. Barbara Jantschke
und andere Zoos

V + 74 Seiten, 12 Tabellen, 36 Abbildungen (Fotos, Grafiken, Pläne)

Volltext

Abstract:

Ring-tailed Lemur or Katta (Lemur catta) is a species of lemur, which naturally inhabits the gallery forests and spiny scrub of the African island Madagascar. With other lemur species it is one of the endemic species. And it is an extremely flexible and opportunistic species. According to the IUCN Red List from 2014 Ring-tailed Lemur is an endangered species, and is often bred in parks and zoos as part of breeding programs around the world in order to maintain diverse genetic bank and a healthy population of animals in the artificial environment which would be, in the case of extinction in the wild reintroduced into the natural environment. This charismatic lemur will be settled in the Biopark Lipovec, a project that is currently in progress and in Slovenia represents an innovative approach in education, green tourism and especially nature conservation. In the Graduation thesis we used the scientific literature, analysed the life of Ring-tailed Lemurs in nature and compared it with life of animals in an artificial environment in five different European zoos and in the end created a plan of supply, care and living space for the animals to be settled in the Biopark Lipovec. European zoos have very specialized diet plans, based on natural diet. We previewed the best practices and made a diet plan for our lemurs. Ring-tailed lemurs are very flexible and opportunistic, also in nature, that is why in an artificial environment preventive and curative veterinary care is used rarely. Research showed that the quality of exhibit is more important than its size. We also summed up good practices of habitat design and tehniques by other zoos and made a plan of new habitat in Biopark Lipovec and added some innovation and unique solutions for animal display and care. Breeding of Ring-tailed Lemur in an artificial environment is undemanding in comparison with other species. Since the natural environment of Ring-tailed Lemur is still declining due to human impact, the population of wild animals is decreasing, that is why the breeding of animals in zoos and parks, education about endangered species and their habitat, of the most important for the species survival.

 

cirkulan-biblio

Freigegeben in C
Donnerstag, 14 Juni 2018 07:34

WEITKAMP, M. (2016)

Umgestaltungsmaßnahmen im Giraffengehege des Zoos Osnabrück zur Förderung der Klauengesundheit.

Reconstruction of the giraffe exhibit at Osnabrück Zoo to improve the quality of hooves.

Bachelor Thesis

Fakultät Agrarwissenschaften und Landschaftsarchitektur, Hochschule Osnabrück. Betreuer: Prof. Thomas Heinrich und Prof. Olaf Hemker

Zoo Osnabrück, Prof. Dr. Michael Böer

Veröffentlichung: Der Zoologische Garten, 85 (3–4): 121-130

Bezugsquelle für ganzen Artikel

Abstract:

The Bachelor thesis answered many questions regarding the hoof health of giraffes. It determined that it is dependent on many different factors like the horn wear. From the biomechanical view an adequate, natural horn wear is essential for healthy hooves. The rougher the ground material and the more sharp-edged the grain shape, the stronger is the horn wear. At the Zoo in Osnabrück the sharp-edged, crushed grit on the concrete surface in the giraffe stable is responsible for the horn wear. Thus, an adequate natural horn wear is guaranteed. However, the ground in the area around the feed baskets should be set up with concrete and grit because of the long lasting of the giraffes in this area at day. Additional sharp-edged material should be placed on the itineraries of the giraffes as well. The grain size should be over 8mm and compacted very well to prevent a possible removal of the material. The analysis of the gradient and the ground samples of the “Samburu-Land” showed that the formation of channels and the material removal was caused by the interaction of different factors like the water permeability of the ground, the hoof pressure, the amount of the water runoff and the gradient in the enclosure. The visitor survey revealed that the “Samburu-Land” seems very “grey” and “deserted” in the winter month. A possible solution could be a planting with evergreen wood, the creation of a grassing element or the planting of redtop (Agrostis gigante.).

 

weitkamp-biblio

Freigegeben in W
Donnerstag, 14 Juni 2018 09:31

JES, H. (1972)

Eine Uferanlage fur Schlammspringer und Winkerkrabben im Kölner Aquarium am Zoo.

Z. Kölner Zoo 15 (4): 111-117.

Zusammenfassung:

Nach einer kurzen Schilderung des Lebensraumes von Schlammspringern und Winkerkrabben der Mangrovenzone tropischer Küsten folgt die Beschreibung einer Uferanlage zur Haltung dieser Tiere. Das Verhältnis von Land- und Wasserfläche beträgt 1:2, der Bodengrund besteht aus Sand. Bei den 500 l Wasser handelt es sich um ein aus künstlichem Meerwasser hergestelltes Brackwasser, spezifisches Gewicht 1.015-1.018, pH-Wert 8.2. Das Wasser wird über Muschelgrit gefiltert, 35 l/min, und fliedßt über einen sogenannten Wellenkipper zurück in die Anlage. Mit dem genannten Gerät, welches ausführlich beschrieben wird, werden 6 cm hohe Wellen erzeugt, die im Abstand von 15 Sekunden die Anlage durchfließen. Neben der Beschreibung der verschiedenen Wärmequellen, Angaben über die unterschiedlichen Temperaturbereiche, Raum 22°C, Sandoberfläche 26°C, in der Nähe der Heikabel 32°C, Luft 25°C, relative Luftfeuchtigkeit 65-90%.

Die von anderen Fischen abweichenden morphologischen Besonderheiten der Atmung und der Beflossung werden geschildert und das Verhalten der Schlammspringer in der Uferanlage wird einschließlich Fütterungshinweisen aufgezeigt. Von dem Leben der Winkerkrabben wird berichtet und anhand der in ihrer Heimat ablaufenden Handlungen, immer geprägt von den Gezeiten, die Schwierigkeiten einer vollkommenen Nahahmung dargelegt.

 

jes-biblio

Freigegeben in J
Donnerstag, 14 Juni 2018 12:47

RÜBEL, A. & ZINGG, R. (2015)

Kaeng Krachan Elefantenpark für Asiatische Elefanten (Elephas maximus Linnaeus, 1758) im Zoo Zürich.

Kaeng Krachan Elephant Park for Asian elephants (Elephas maximus Linnaeus, 1758) at Zürich Zoo

Der Zoologische Garten 84, 1–2: 61–74

Zusammenfassung:

Mehr Raum für die Elefanten, mehr Nähe für die Besucher: Der neue Kaeng Krachan Elefantenpark markiert einen weiteren Meilenstein im Zoo Zürich. Während sich die Elefanten vielseitiger in der so genannten „protected contact“ Haltung bewegen, soziale Kontakte pflegen und sogar schwimmen können, sind die Zoobesucher so nahe am Tier dran wie nie zuvor.

Seinen Namen hat der neue Elefantenpark vom Kaeng Krachan Nationalpark in Thailand. Der Zoo Zürich unterstützt dort ein Projekt zum Schutz Asiatischer Elefanten. Wichtiger Teil des Projekts ist die Entschärfung des „Human-Elephant-Conflict“, des Konfliktes zwischen Bauern und Elefanten.

Der Einsatz des Zoo Zürich für den Kaeng Krachan Nationalpark zeigt sich in der Gestaltung der Anlage und den integrierten edukativen Elementen und Aktivitätsprogrammen des neuen Elefantenparks. In der Anlage wird ein Beobachtungsturm mit einem Alarmzaun gezeigt, wie ihn die Thailändischen Bauern nutzen, um ihre Felder rund um den Park vor Zerstörung zu nutzen. Eine Elefantenspur, die auf eine zerstörte Bauernhütte hinführt, zeigt auf, welche Schäden die Tiere in einer Nacht anrichten können.

 

rübel-biblio

Freigegeben in R

The design of new bear facilities.

Kapitel 2 der EAZA Bear Husbandry Guidelines. 45 Seiten, Abbildungen, Tabellen. EAZA, Amsterdam

Einleitung:

This chapter considers both outdoor and indoor enclosures, their furnishings, substrates and the technical features of new bear facilities. An enclosure should be designed to provide all the requirements necessary for the care and maintenance of the bears and also, if needed, for reproduction. The facility must not only be escape proof, but should also create suitable conditions and stimulation which will enable the animals to perform a wide range of species-specific behaviours. The environment must not permanently create problems, which the animals cannot solve, and should be sufficiently flexible in design for any adverse situations to be easily rectified.

It is essential to have a thorough knowledge of the normal behaviour of bears, their use of habitat and particularly their locomotor activities in relation to the use of cage furnishings and structures in outdoor enclosures, substrates and any other factors, which may effect them. This will enable the zoo to design facilities, which meet the animals' physical and behavioural needs. Feeding, social and spatial organization and reproductive biology will be treated in more detail in subsequent chapters. Only general features of these aspects of bear biology will be considered in this chapter, where they are relevant to the design of a bear facility.

 

kolter-biblio

Freigegeben in K
Donnerstag, 14 Juni 2018 07:58

USHER SMITH, J. & KOLTER, L. (2007)

Environmental enrichment - methods of improving old enclosures and keeping new ones stimulating.

Kapitel 3 der EAZA Bear Husbandry Guidelines.
15 Seiten, Abbildungen, Tabellen. EAZA, Amsterdam

Einleitung:

Bears should live in an environment where they can, as far as possible, replicate a repertoire of natural behaviour including foraging, feeding and breeding. In addition they are highly intelligent and easily become bored in over restricted enclosures and are highly prone to show abnormal behaviour. The visitor wishes to see the bears active and behaving normally, while zoos seek to provide an environment which stimulates normal behaviour and is flexible in use and easy to manage. In many zoos bear enclosures are old and their replacement may be delayed until funds are available to build new housing. This section of the guidelines addresses the ways in which existing enclosures may be improved and new ones (see chapter 2) maintain a high degree of diversity and novelty.

 

usher-biblio

Freigegeben in U
Donnerstag, 14 Juni 2018 09:01

REISER, N. (2013)

Beeinflussung des Verhaltens von Kleinen Pandas (Ailurus fulgens fulgens)  in zoologischen Gärten durch die Gehegegestaltung, die Pflegeraktivität und das generelle Umfeld.

Influence of the enclosure design, the activity and the behavior of the animal keepers and the general environment on the behavior of Red Pandas (Ailurus fulgens fulgens)  in zoos.

Masterarbeit

97 Seiten plus Anhang

Ganzer Text

Fakultät für Biologie und Biotechnologie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum
Betreuer: Prof. Dr. Ralf Tollrian (Ruhr Universität Bochum), Wolf-Dietrich Gürtler (Zoom Erlebniswelt Gelsenkirchen)
Zoom Erlebniswelt Gelsenkirchen, Zoo Kleve, Zoo Duisburg, Zoo Köln, Zoo Krefeld

Zusammenfassung:

Meine Masterarbeit befasst sich mit dem Verhalten der Kleinen oder Roten Pandas der Unterart Ailurus fulgens fulgens in zoologischen Gärten und einer möglichen Beeinflussung ihres Verhaltens durch die nicht natürliche Umgebung. Ich habe 2012 ungefähr sechs Monate mit Hilfe eines Ethogramms das Verhalten von acht Tieren verteilt auf fünf verschiedene deutsche Zoos erfasst. In vieren davon wurde jeweils eine Woche im Sommer und eine im Winter beobachtet. Sie dienten als Vergleich zu den Beobachtungen in meinem Hauptzoo, der ZOOM Erlebniswelt in Gelsenkirchen. Außerdem habe ich einen internationalen Fragebogen entwickelt, den ich an die nach dem Zuchtbuch 2010 als pandahaltend eingetragenen Zoos in der ganzen Welt verschickt habe. Insgesamt haben 32 Zoos (inklusive der von mir besuchten) den Fragebogen ausgefüllt zurück geschickt.

Durch die Antworten aus aller Welt konnten viele Informationen zur Haltung von Roten Pandas zusammengetragen werden. Die Haltung von Roten Pandas wurde in den meisten Zoos in den 1990er Jahren, in der Regel mit einem Pärchen im Alter zwischen 1 und 2 Jahren, begonnen. 2012 waren die meisten Pandas, unabhängig vom Geschlecht, zwischen 1 und 4 Jahren alt und sie wurden fast überall in Paaren gehalten. Die befragten Zoos beteiligen sich mit großer Mehrheit erfolgreich am Zuchtprogramm der Roten Pandas. Einige Zoos haben schon bis zu 30 Jungtiere bekommen. Im Allgemeinen starben die Roten Pandas in einem Alter zwischen 7 und 15 Jahren eines natürlichen Todes. Die höchste Sterberate der Zootiere umfasst die Phase vom Zeitpunkt der Geburt bis zum Alter von etwa einem Monat. Überwiegend werden die Roten Pandas nicht mit einer anderen Art zusammen gehalten. In den Fällen einer Vergesellschaftung geschieht diese am meistens mit dem Chinesischen Muntiak (Muntiacus reveesi), allerdings häufig mit Problemen. Bei der Gehegegestaltung versuchen die Zoos, den Bedürfnissen dieser arborealen Tierart nach Klettern und erhöhten Ruheplätzen nachzukommen. So werden den Roten Pandas in allen Zoos verschiedenste Möglichkeiten zum Klettern in Form von Bäumen und/oder Gerüsten aus Holz oder Bambus, sowie Versteckmöglichkeiten in Gestalt von Ställen, Hütten oder Holzboxen angeboten.

Durch die Beobachtungen konnten verschiedene Verhaltensweisen erfasst werden. Die Aussage, dass die Pandas die meiste Zeit des Tages ruhen und nur Phasen der Aktivität zeigen konnte bestätigt werden. Die Anwesenheit eines Pflegers oder frischen Futters auf der Anlage führt zu einer Aktivitätserhöhung in Form von Laufen bzw. Nahrungsaufnahme. Während der Phase des Herumlaufens und Kletterns werden fast in gleichem Maße Bäume, Gerüst und Boden genutzt. Wie erwartet war das Ruhepotenzial aller von mir beobachteten Tiere den ganzen Tag über sehr hoch. Trotzdem ist das Verhältnis zwischen Ruhen und Aktivität individuell unterschiedlich. Wenn die Pandas ruhen, bevorzugen sie in der Regel das zusammengerollte Liegen in hohen und dicht belaubten Bäumen. Besonders bei Regen rollen sich die beobachteten Tiere vermehrt zusammen. Die zweite Ruheposition, das ausgestreckte Liegen, wurde nur von einem Tier hauptsächlich und von den anderen nur im Bereich höherer Temperaturen bevorzugt. Wie zu erwarten war, zeigt sich eine klare Bevorzugung von frischem Bambus bei der Nahrungswahl. Doch auch süßes Obst wird von den meisten Pandas gerne angenommen. Fleisch hingegen wird hauptsächlich von den Weibchen gefressen. In den Zoos, in denen Behavioral Enrichment, meistens in Kombination mit Futter, angeboten wird, wird dieses gut angenommen. Auf Pfleger auf ihrer Anlage, laute Besucher oder bellende Hunde an ihrem Gehege reagieren manche Pandas mit erhöhter Aufmerksamkeit oder vermehrter Aktivität.

Zusammenfassend ergaben meine Untersuchungen, dass manches Verhalten von allen Beobachtungstieren und ihren Artgenossen in den befragten Zoos gezeigt wird. Andere Verhaltensweisen scheinen hingegen von der Gehegegestaltung und dem Tagesablauf in dem entsprechenden Zoo beeinflusst zu werden oder individuell vom Charakter und der körperlichen Verfassung des Tieres abzuhängen. Letztendlich kann festgehalten werden, dass die Roten Pan

Abstract:

My Masterexam is about the behavior of Lesser or Red Pandas (Ailurus fulgens fulgens) in zoos and a possible influence of the unnatural environment on their behavior. During six month in 2012 I have collected data about their behavior with an ethogram in five different zoos in Germany. In four of them the observation took place during only one week in summer and one in winter. These data were used as a comparison to my main zoo “ZOOM Erlebniswelt” in Gelsenkirchen. I have also invented an international questionnaire, which I have send to all zoos in the world, which where known to house Red Pandas according to the studbook 2010. Altogether 32 zoos (including the ones I have works in) have answered this questionnaire.

Because of the answers from all around the world, I could compile a lot of information about the keeping of Red Pandas. Most of the zoos started keeping Pandas in the 1990th, usually with a pair of them in the age of one or two years. In 2012 most of the Pandas were, independent from their sex, between one and four years old and they were usually kept in pairs. The breeding of this species is successfully carried out in most of the zoos, in some of them more than 30 Pandas were born. Usually the Pandas died in the age between 7 and 15 years because of natural causes. The highest death rate within the zoo population of this species is around the first month after birth. Normally the Red Pandas are not kept with another species on the same enclosure. In the few cases of socialization it is mostly with the Chinese Muntiac (Muntiacus reveesi), often not without problems. Zoos try to comply with the needs of this arboreal species for climbing and high leveled resting places by their enclosure design. So all zoos offer their Pandas various possibilities for climbing like trees and/or racks build of wood or bamboo, as well as hiding possibilities like stables, huts or wooden boxes.

During my observation I could register different types of behavior. The statement that Pandas usually rest during most of the day and only show stages of activity could be confirmed. The presence of the animal keeper or fresh food on the enclosure causes an increase of activity in the kinds of running around or feeding. During the stage of running around and climbing the Pandas us trees, racks and ground nearly to the same degree. As expected, all the observed animals showed a very high resting potential during the day. However the ratio of resting and activity shows individual differences. Most of the Pandas pass their resting time preferred curled up in high and thick leafy tress. Especially during rainfall the rate of curling up increases. Only one animal preferred the second resting position, lying outstretched, most of the time. The other animals only lied more outstretched during higher temperatures. As expected, the Pandas show a clear preference of fresh bamboo. But they also like to accept sweet fruits. Meat in contrast is more preferred by females. In those zoos which offer behavioral enrichment, often in combination with food, the Pandas accept it well. Like animal keepers on the enclosure, noisy visitors or barking dogs cause an increase of attention or more activity of the Pandas.

In summary my observation produced that some behavior is showed by all observed animals and their specimen in the interviewed zoos. Other behavior instead seems to be influenced by the enclosure design and the daily routine in the different zoos or depends on the individual character and constitution of the animals. Finally there is to say, that the Red Pandas in captivity can have a good and long life because of a corresponding enclosure design and the important daily feeding of bamboo.

 

reiser-biblio

Freigegeben in R
Samstag, 27 Juli 2013 11:38

JOHANN, A. (2009)

Die neue Gibbon-Anlage im NaturZoo Rheine.

Zoolog. Garten 78 (2009), Heft 5–6: 239-255.

Abstract:

A new enclosure for White-handed Gibbons was opened at NaturZoo Rheine, Germany, on 6. May 2007. The exhibit design follows the island enclosure type. The enclosure is remarkable by its size of 1.200 m2. The room above this surface is richly structured by poles, stems and ropes up to 8 m high. Additionally there is a lush vegetation of bamboo, bushes, vines and also some living trees. The islands are connected to a house with two indoor-rooms and an off-exhibit outdoor cage. The whole enclosure and the surrounding landscape fit in very well in the natural layout of the zoo-landscape.

Some observations on use of the enclosure by the gibbons as well as maintenance experiences are given. Also the responses of the visitors to the new exhibit are commented.

A summary on the maintenance of gibbons in zoos in general and in NaturZoo Rheine is added.

johann-biblio

27.07.2013 - 1'208

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