European Red List of Freshwater Fishes.

viii + 60 Seiten, mit Grafiken, Farbfotos, Verbreitungskarten und Tabellen.
Publications Office of the European Union, Luxemburg. ISBN 978-92-79-20200-1; doi:10.2779/85903.

Executive Summary:

Aim: The European Red List is a review of the conservation status of c. 6,000 European species to date (dragonflies, butterflies, freshwater fishes, reptiles, amphibians, mammals and selected groups of beetles, molluscs, and vascular plants) according to IUCN regional Red Listing guidelines. It identifies those species that are threatened with extinction at the regional level – in order that appropriate conservation action can be taken to improve their status. This Red List publication summarizes the results for all described native European freshwater fishes and lampreys (hereafter referred to as just freshwater fishes).

Scope: All species of freshwater fishes recorded from European freshwater waters are included. Marine migrants and species of brackish waters are also included if they regularly enter freshwater habitats. Species are only included if the record is based on individuals with locality data and reliable identification.

Red List assessments were made at two regional levels: for geographical Europe, and for the 27 current Member States of the European Union. The distribution of freshwater fishes is considered at the sub-river basin level. Therefore the distribution included here sometimes extends beyond the political boundaries.

Status assessment: The status of all species was assessed using the IUCN Red List Criteria, which are the world’s most widely accepted system for measuring extinction risk. All assessments followed the Guidelines for Application of IUCN Red List Criteria at Regional Levels.

The status of species endemic to the Mediterranean basin is based on evaluations made during an IUCN workshop held in Malaga (Spain) in December 2004. All European sturgeons were assessed at a workshop held in Wuhan (China), during the 6th International Symposium on Sturgeon in October 2009. The status of all other European species has been evaluated when preparing the Handbook of European Freshwater Fishes during an IUCN workshop held in Berlin (Germany) in December 2006, in coordination with the IUCN Freshwater Biodiversity Assessment Unit. All species present in the 27 Member States of the EU were re-assessed for their regional conservation status in 2010. Assessments are available on the European Red List website and data portal: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/species/redlist and http://www.iucnredlist.org/europe.

The status of all European freshwater fish species has been reviewed. For certain species groups of Mediterranean river basins, the taxonomy has been revised since the  2004 Malaga workshop, requiring an update of their Red List status. Also, several species have been newly described since 2007. All this is leading to an improved understanding of their conservation status. Up-to-date information for all these species is included in this report. Evaluations have mostly been done through the formal IUCN validation procedure, except for a few species still awaiting comments by relevant specialist groups of the IUCN Species Survival Commission.

Freshwater fishes in Europe: As part of this Red List assessment, 531 native and described European species have been assessed, of which 381 are present in the 27 Member States of the European Union. Almost 80% of the European species are endemic to Europe (which means that they are unique to Europe and are found nowhere else in the world). About 50% of the species found in the 27 Member States of the EU are endemic to the EU. Seven species occur only marginally on the European continent, and are considered as Not Applicable in this assessment.

Results: Overall, at least 37% of Europe’s freshwater fishes are threatened at a continental scale, and 39% are threatened at the EU 27 level. A further 4% of freshwater fishes are considered Near Threatened. This is one of the highest threat levels of any major taxonomic group assessed to date for Europe. The conservation status of Europe’s eight sturgeon species is particularly worrying: all but one are Critically Endangered. By comparison, 44% of freshwater molluscs, 23% of amphibians, 19% of reptiles, 15% of mammals and dragonflies, 13% of birds, 9% of butterflies and 7% of aquatic plants are threatened at the European level.

Despite a lack of good trend data for certain countries, the current assessment shows that about 17% of Europe’s freshwater fish species have declining populations, whereas only 1% are on the increase, and 6% are considered stable. For the remaining 76%, the current level of knowledge is insufficient to define their population trends.

The highest levels of species diversity are found in the lower parts of the rivers draining into the Black and Caspian Seas. However, a number of species with restricted ranges are also encountered in the Alps, in Great Britain and Ireland, and around the Mediterranean and Black Seas. Most of the threatened species are confined to certain areas in southern Europe.

Most freshwater fishes are in some way affected by pollution of domestic, industrial and agricultural origin. Another primary threat to Europe’s freshwater fishes is habitat loss due to over-abstraction of water. Additional major threats are the introduction of alien species, overfishing (particularly in the larger rivers of Eastern Europe) and a massive increase in the construction of dams, blocking migration and altering stream habitats.

Conclusions and recommendations:

• Freshwater fishes are one of the most highly threatened species groups in Europe. At least 37% of all European species are threatened at a continental scale, and 39% are threatened at the EU 27 level. Of all assessed species groups, this level of threat is second only to the one for freshwater molluscs. The conservation status of Europe’s eight sturgeon species is particularly worrying: all but one are Critically Endangered.
• There is an ongoing extinction crisis affecting Europe’s freshwater fishes. At least 13 species are now globally Extinct. Five additional species are Possibly Extinct, but the information is currently inadequate to certify their extinction. Furthermore, several freshwater fish species are currently under immediate threat of extinction, amongst them several species of sturgeons, and certain species of the Mediterranean river basins.
• The high overall threat level of Europe’s freshwater fishes is an indicator for the exceptional vulnerability of Europe’s freshwater habitats, and of their poor state of protection. The main threats to Europe’s freshwater fishes are pollution, habitat loss due to over-abstraction of water, and the introduction of alien species. Alien species introduction, especially where these are of European origin, is almost totally uncontrolled. The main vectors of alien species introduction are recreational fisheries and the connection of formerly separate river basins by manmade canals.
• An increased frequency and intensity of droughts is already impacting freshwater systems and the species that rely on them, especially in the Mediterranean region. The predicted impact of climate change is likely to worsen the situation in the future.
• While many freshwater fishes are protected under national legislation or under the EU Habitats Directive, the majority of threatened species still remain unprotected. Furthermore, where legal protection does exist, it often remains ineffective against threats such as alien species introduction or water abstraction.
• In order to improve the conservation status of European freshwater fishes and to reverse their decline, ambitious conservation actions are urgently needed. In particular: ensuring adequate protection and management of key freshwater habitats and of their surrounding areas, drawing up and implementing Species Action Plans for the most threatened species, establishing monitoring and ex-situ programmes, finding appropriate means to limit further alien species introductions, especially by anglers, and revising national and European legislation, adding species identified as threatened where needed.
• The identification, establishment and management of a network of Freshwater Key Biodiversity Areas in Europe is urgently needed.
• This project contributes to improving and updating the coverage of fishes on the global IUCN Red List, thanks to the assessment of endemic European freshwater fishes.

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Taxonomic diversity of European Cottus with description of eight new species (Teleostei: Cottidae).

Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters 16 (2): 107-172, 34 Abb., 7 Tabellen. ISSN 0936-9902.

Summary:

The taxonomy of European species of Cottus (Cottidae) is revised. Results of molecular studies are summarised and the variability of morphological characters is reviewed. Molecular and morphological data support the recognition of 15 diagnosable species in Europe. A neotype is designated for C. gobio; the type locality is in the lower Elbe drainage. Cottus gobio, C. hispaniolensis, C. koshewnikowi, C. microstomus, C. petiti, and C. poecilopus are re-diagnosed. Eight new species are described. Three of them are restricted to France: C. aturi to the Adour drainage, C. duranii to the upper Dordogne, upper Lot and upper Loire drainages, and C. rondeleti to the Hérault drainage. Two new species are described from the Atlantic and North Sea basins: C. perifretum from Great Britain, and the Scheldt, Rhine, Seine, lower Loire and lower Garonne drainages, and C. rhenanus from the Meuse and lower and middle Rhine drainages. Cottus scaturigo is described from a single spring in northeastern Italy. In the Danube drainage, C. metae from the upper Save and C. transsilvaniae from the upper Arges are distinguished from the widespread C. gobio. Lectotypes are designated for C. ferrugineus and C. pellegrini. Cottus koshewnikowi Gratzianow, 1907 is declared nomen protectum and C. gobio microcephalus Kessler, 1868 is declared nomen oblitum. The original spelling of C. milvensis is discussed.

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Handbuch der Vögel Mitteleuropas. Band 5. Galliformes und Gruiformes.

Aula-Verlag, Wiesbaden 1994 (2.Aufl., 1. Aufl. 1973). ISBN 3-89104-561-1.

Verlagstext zum Handbuch:

Dieses in seiner Art unübertroffene Werk umfasst alle in Mitteleuropa als Brutvögel, Durchzügler und Gäste zu beobachtende Vogelarten. Insgesamt sind 534 Arten mit 800 Unterarten behandelt. Jedes Kapitel ist gleichartig gegliedert, so dass ein schneller und direkter Vergleich der Daten verschiedener Vögel möglich ist. Hierfür ist die elektronische Ausgabe, die sämtliche 15'718 (!) Seiten sowie alle 3'200 Abbildungen und Farbtafeln des 23-bändigen Gesamtwerkes beinhaltet, besonders gut geeignet. (http://www.verlagsgemeinschaft.com/cms/shop/cddvds/6500947.php).

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Naturparks in Europa – Ein Führer zu den schönsten Naturschutzgebieten von Skandinavien bis Sizilien.

Geb., 287 Seiten, mehr als 450 Farbfotos, Karten und Zeichnungen.

Mit einer Einführung von Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Erz, Bundesforschungsanstalt für Naturschutz und Landschaftsökologie und Informationen über 344 Naturschutzgebiete.

ISBN 978-3-88472-076-7. Christian Verlag GmbH, München.

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Literatur und Internetquellen:

1. BIRDLIFE DATA ZONE - CAMARGUE
2. CHAZEL, L. & CHAZEL, M. (2013)
3. DUFFEY, E. (Hrsg. 1982)
4. LA FAUNE ET LA FLORE DE CAMARGUE
5. LA TOUR DU VALAT
6. MASSEZ, G. et al. (Poster, 2012)
7. PLAN DE GESTION 2016-2020
8. SALATHÉ, T. (1995)

Zurück zu Lebensräume in Eurasien

Weiter zu Siedlungsraum

Svalbard /Spitzbergen Guide.

288 Seiten mit mehr als 250 Farbfotos und einer Übersichtskarte. Kartoniert. 12 x 23 cm. Myrland Media - Gaidaros forlag as. Deutsche Ausgab Travel Media GmbH, München. ISBN 978-3-930232-59-8.

In diesem deutschsprachigen Reiseführer im handlichen Format finden Sie alles Wissenswerte für eine gelungene Spitzbergen-Reise. Er beschreibt die Natur, die Geografie, Pflanzen- und Tierleben, Klima, Geschichte und die heutigen Gemeinden. Darüberhinaus erhalten Sie praktische Hinweise und Informationen über die zurzeit geltenden Gesetze und Vorschriften. Gleichzeitig werden die aktuellen Ausflugsziele - Sommer wie Winter - erschöpfend beschrieben. Das Buch bietet auch einen detaillierten Überblick über die Arten von Pflanzen, Vögeln und Tieren auf Svalbard. Am Schluss finden Sie eine sorgfältig zusammen gestellte Liste aller Sehenswürdigkeiten und Unternehmen, die mit der Svalbard-Touristik beschäftigt sind.

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Kolbenenten sind im Kommen - Ein farbenprächtiger Gast aus Spanien erobert unsere Seen.

ORNIS 1999 (6): 34-37.

Verbreitung:

Von Südwedsteuropa her breitet sich die Kolbenente (Netta rufina) immer weiter nach Osten aus. Ihr Gesamtbestand hat allerdings nicht zugenommen, nur die Verteilung hat geändert. Was lockt die Kolbenente aus den warmen Überwinterungsgebieten in Spanien an unsere kalten Seen?

Gänsegeier in Mitteleuropa.

Der Falke 58 (Sonderheft): 46-48.

Zusammenfassung:

Bis in die 1990er Jahre waren Gänsegeier in Mitteleuropa eher eine Ausnahmeerscheinung. Die Beobachtungshäufigkeit lag zwischen den Jahren 1800 und 2005 für Deutsch-land bei durchschnittlich 0,86 Beobachtungen pro Jahr. Seit dem Jahr 2006 ist dieser Wert auf 25,1 Gänsegeier pro Jahr angestiegen. Mehr Vogelbeobachter und bessere Ausrüstung haben sicher zu diesem Anstieg beigetragen, es gibt aber auch andere Gründe. Immer wieder wird dafür die Zunahme des Geierbestandes in Frankreich und vor allem in Spanien, verbunden mit Nahrungsengpässen angeführt. Im Artikel wird das Vorkommen von Geiern in Mitteleuropa interpretiert.

Im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert nahmen die Bestände des Gänsegeiers als Konsequenz direkter Verfolgung und von allgemein gegen Greife und Raubwild gerichteten Vergiftungsaktionen deutlich ab, ferner dadurch, dass die Nahrung knapp wurde, weil Tierkadaver nicht mehr auf Wasenplätzen entsorgt, sondern mittels der heute üblichen Verfahren verwertet wurden. Da die Art aber eine weite Verbreitung und einen immer noch großen Bestand hat, gilt sie global als nicht gefährdet. In Teilen Europas war sie jedoch ausgestorben. So wurde die Alpenpopulation Frankreichs bereits im 19. Jahrhundert ausgerottet und aus dem Zentralmassiv verschwanden die Vögel 1946. Ab dem 19. Jahrhundert verschwanden die Geier auch aus den Karpaten, der Dobrudscha, dem italienischen Festland, Sizilien und weiten Teilen des Balkans, gebietsweise auch aus Spanien, das allerdings nach wie vor mehr als 80% des europäischen Bestandes beherbergt [1; 2].

• Wiederansiedlung des Gänsegeiers in Frankreich
• Wiederansiedlung des Gänsegeiers in Bulgarien
• Wiederansiedlung des Gänsegeiers in Italien

[Aktuell in gesperrter Kategorie: Zoo Salzburg - ein Landeplatz für Geier]

Wiederansiedlung des Gänsegeiers in Frankreich  

Von 1981-1986 wurden durch die Ligue pour la Protection des Oiseaux in den Causses im französischen Zentralmassiv etwa 60 adulte Gänsegeier ausgewildert. Dabei arbeitete sie eng mit Zoos und spanischen Auffangstationen zusammen. Es dürfte sich um eine der erfolgreichsten Wiederansiedlungsaktionen gehandelt haben: 25 Jahre später lebten bereits 450 Brutpaare in der Region [2].

Ab 1987 wurde eine Wiederansiedlung des Gänsegeiers in den provenzalischen Alpen in die Wege geleitet. Genehmigungen wurden eingeholt, im Dörfchen Rémuzat wurden Volieren gebaut und danach Vögel aus verschiedenen Quellen beschafft, die ab 1995 auch in den Volieren züchteten. Von 1996 bis 2001 wurden in den Baronnies etwas über 60 subadulte Gänsegeier ausgewildert. 1999 gab es die erste erfolgreiche Nachzucht im Freiland, im folgenden Jahr flogen bereits fünf Jungvögel aus und seitdem wächst der Bestand kontinuierlich [3].

Ab 1999 wurde im Departement Drôme eine zweite Wiederansiedlung im Alpenraum in Angriff genommen. im Regionalen Naturpark Vercors wurden 14 Vögel freigelassen. Dieser erste Versuch war wenig erfolgreich: fünf Vögel wurden schon bald tot aufgefunden, einige weitere wanderten in die Baronnies ab. In der Folge wurden in den Jahren 2001 und 2005 anscheinend mit mehr Erfolg 35 überwiegend erwachsene Vögel freigesetzt [4].

07.05.2015

Wiederansiedlung des Gänsegeiers in Bulgarien

07.05.2015; aktualisiert

Wiederansiedlung in Italien

08.05.2015

Literatur und Internetquellen:

1. HAGEMEIJER, W. J. M. & BLAIR, M. J. (eds., 1997)
2. MAUMARY, L. et al. (2007)
3. VULTURE CONSERVATION FOUNDATION
4. Les réintroductions de vautour fauves dans la Drôme

Tierart-Datenblatt: Gänsegeier (Gyps fulvus)

Lebensraum: Gebirge in Europa, Gebirge in Asien

Zurück zu Übersicht Habichtartige (Accipitridae)

Zurück zu Gänsegeier (Gyps fulvus)

European Studbook of the European black vulture (Aegypius monachus)

Royal Zoological Society of  Antwerp.

Introduction:

Since the establishment of the EEP for the European black vulture (Aegypius monachus) in 1987, 3 editions of the studbook have been published (the last one in 2002). In the meantime, working versions of the current population within the EEP program were made and distributed to the EEP participants.

This publication of the studbook is divided into 4 parts. Part one contains general information on the European black vulture, its status in the wild, the ex situ situation, the EEP breeding program, the reintroduction programs and the partners for conservation.

Part two contains the genetic and demographic analyses of the EEP population. These reports show that only 20% of the founders are breeding, resulting in an yearly average of 7 hatches. Most of the chicks reaching a juvenile stage are used for release projects (on average 2 per year), so releasing vultures in the wild contributes to a negative growth rate in the EEP population. The main challenge in the coming years is to improve the breeding success such, to reach self sustainable population and releases can be continued.There are several possible causes for the poor breeding result, but preliminary research suggests that a main problem is the lack of strong pair bonds in the existing pairs, resulting in a high amount of infertile eggs and a poor breeding result. On the other hand, there are some proven breeding pairs, which have ceased successful breeding without clear reasons.

Part three includes different types of studbook reports for the European black vulture, historical and present, recorded in the SPARKS dataset. This dataset is based on the information provided by thenstitutions and individuals that are keeping European black vultures at present or that have kept the species in the past. This implicates that these reports are not restricted to the managed EEP population, but also include information on European black vultures kept in several institutes not participating in the EEP which could be important for the management of the species. More detailed information concerning the reports can be found in paragraph 6.1.

To achieve the goal of having a self sustainable population, more detailed knowledge on the species is vital. In 2009, husbandry guidelines were published to support holders to create optimal conditions for keeping and breeding the species. The actual publication of the studbook contributes to the knowledge on the population itself and not only points out weaknesses but also opportunities. However, even more important is the information provided by all EEP participants. Only if they continue providing information on the status of their birds and the breeding behavior in particular, proper analyses can be made, possible causes determined and recommendations made for improvement. Fortunately, a lot of effort has been made by most holders to collect as many data as possible of their historical collection. However, the provision of complete data and the will to cooperate as lacking to a certain extent in some institutions. To ensure the future health of the EEP population and the maintenance of the release projects, it is necessary to improve the overall communication about births, deaths and most in particular transfers within the captive breeding program.

In 2009 the Centre for Research and Conservation (CRC), the research department of the Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp initiated a research project about mate choice and patterns of adaptive variation in European black vultures with the use of MHC analysis, in order to increase the captive breeding success of the European black vulture. Holders of European black vultures are encouraged to participate in this study, by providing samples or information when requested by the researchers.

For more inforation and anouncements about this research project, please visit the website (http://webhost.ua.ac.be/crc/Conservation/Vultures.html) or send an email to: katja.wolfram@kmda.org.

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05.05.2015 - 553