Bukhara Deer within Its Broken Area - Problems for Species Survival.

IUCN-SSC Deer Specialist News 15: 2-4.

Beginn des Artikels:

The endangered subspecies of red deer – bukhara deer (Cervus elaphus bactrianus) IUCN Red Data Book - is unique in several ways, differing morphologically both from other European subspecies of red deer, and from the Asian  and  American  subspecies (wapitoides). This subspecies possesses specific physiological adaptations to the arid conditions of Central Asia, most notably to the very limited supply and quality of food resources.

Our investigations had shown its specificity in behavior and communication, which appeared to be consistent across different ecological conditions and densities. One of the most vivid examples of this specificity is a stable creation of true leks, which is characteristic only for this subspecies of red deer. According to the most recent genetic analyses carried out by our colleagues from Great Britain, it is shown – together with Kashmir and Yarkand deer – to be a monophyletic and ancient clade, close to the common ancestry of elaphoids and wapitoides. These tests were conducted on samples of hair collected in different riparian forests of Amudaria.

As the only true deer species in the arid zone of central Asia, it has always been strictly associated with the riparian forests of river valleys.  As the most favorable areas  for  agriculture in the surrounding desert, these valleys suffer greatly from anthropogenic influences. Being both sedentary and rare, the number of animals and the distribution of bukhara deer reduced greatly in the 70s and 80s.  Recently, it has come to be under threat of extinction, as a result of a great decrease in numbers in certain populations, and from the elimination of others.

Die Großsäuger Afghanistans.

Z. Kölner Zoo 16: 79-93.

naumann-biblio

Sika Deer in Mainland China.

In: McCULLOUGH, D. R., TAKATSUKI, S. & KAJI, K. (eds., 2008) Sika Deer – Biology and Management of Native and Introduced Populations: 521-540. Springer Verlag, Tokyo, Berlin Heidelberg, New York. ISBN 978-4-431-0-9428-9.

Verlagstext zum Band:

Sika deer, the graceful spotted deer of Japanese and Chinese art, originally were native to Asia from far-east Russia to Vietnam to the islands of Japan and Taiwan. They are widely raised in captivity to supply velvet antler for traditional medicine. They also were introduced to Europe, North America, and New Zealand, where they compete or interbreed with native deer. Sika deer typically occupy lowland hardwood forests with low winter snow depths, where they thrive in sites disturbed by fire, storm, or logging. In high numbers they can severely impact vegetation though overgrazing, stripping bark from trees and damaging crop fields and forest plantations. Their numbers are high in many parts of Japan, moderate in Russia, and reduced or extinct in the wild in China, Korea, Vietnam, and Taiwan. This book explores their basic biology, behavior, and ecology, including management for sport hunting, conservation or recovery of threatened populations, and resolution of conflict with humans in native and introduced lands.

Sika Deer in Korea and Vietnam.

In: McCULLOUGH, D. R., TAKATSUKI, S. & KAJI, K. (eds., 2008) Sika Deer – Biology and Management of Native and Introduced Populations: 541-548. Springer Verlag, Tokyo, Berlin Heidelberg, New York. ISBN 978-4-431-0-9428-9-

Verlagstext zum Band:

Sika deer, the graceful spotted deer of Japanese and Chinese art, originally were native to Asia from far-east Russia to Vietnam to the islands of Japan and Taiwan. They are widely raised in captivity to supply velvet antler for traditional medicine. They also were introduced to Europe, North America, and New Zealand, where they compete or interbreed with native deer. Sika deer typically occupy lowland hardwood forests with low winter snow depths, where they thrive in sites disturbed by fire, storm, or logging. In high numbers they can severely impact vegetation though overgrazing, stripping bark from trees and damaging crop fields and forest plantations. Their numbers are high in many parts of Japan, moderate in Russia, and reduced or extinct in the wild in China, Korea, Vietnam, and Taiwan. This book explores their basic biology, behavior, and ecology, including management for sport hunting, conservation or recovery of threatened populations, and resolution of conflict with humans in native and introduced lands. 

Sika Deer Project News.

IUCN-SSC Deer Specialist Group News 15: 6-7.

Einleitung:

I am currently involved in a genetics study of the sika deer in Asia. This cooperative project involves scientists in Japan, Taiwan, Russia, China, Vietnam, and Great Britain, and DNA labs in Japan, Taiwan, and Scotland. Recently I have visited countries over most of the geographic distribution to gather tissue samples, and to assess the status of the species. The sika deer has been raised in captivity for antlers for the Chinese medicine market for many years, but uncontrolled hunting and habitat loss either has, or is, driving them to extinction in the wild.

Currently, China has some 600,000 in  captivity, and less than 600 (and declining) in three isolated populations in the wild.  They are extinct in the wild in Vietnam  and Taiwan.  Both countries have native sika deer in captivity, Vietnam about 3,000 in various locations, including 2 national parks, and Taiwan about 400 in 2 locations.  They are also extinct in South Korea, and apparently no original stock is  in  captivity. Their status in North Korea is not known. Substantial wild populations still occur in Far East Russia and Japan.

Unterartenfrage Persischer Leoparden geklärt

Der Zoologische Garten 81, (1): 1- 13, ISSN 0044-5169

 Abstract:

The Studbook for the Persian Leopard, Panthera pardus saxicolor, was analyzed. The whole population derives from a few founder animals, imported in the midth fifties from Iran and in the late sixties from Afghanistan. To avoid inbreeding later on the Iranian and the Afghan lines were mixed. A female imported in 1968 from Kabul to Cologne is represented in each of the more than 100 animals living today.

This study deals with the question of subspecies of leopards in Afghanistan. Out of the 27 subspecies described four are believed to exist in Afghanistan. However, according to a molecular-biological revision of the species there is only one subspecies in Afghanistan, Panthera pardus saxicolor. To clarify the subspecies question various measures of furs have been taken in the bazars. The results revealed that the leopards in Afghanistan are the biggest of its species. However a further differentiation according to the area of origin within the country was not possible. Also the traditional differentiation on the basis of colours and patterns on the furs was not possible.

In contrast to the molecular-biological investigations published, not only samples of zoo animals were available in this study but also samples from the wild. The results confirm that almost all leopards from Afghanistan and Iran belong to one and the same subspecies. Only in the most eastern part of Afghanistan, the Indian leopard, Panthera pardus fusca, can be found.

Mixing the two lines subsequently is justified by the results of this study. Recently acquired animals from the Caucasus, however, should be tested genetically before integrating them into the zoo population.

Siehe auch: MANATI, A. R. (2008)

manati-biblio

Beobachtungen zur Fortpflanzungsbiologie beim Davidshirsch.

Milu, Berlin 12: 314-325.

Milu-Jubiläum in China.

Milu, Berlin 11: 739-746.

Taxonomy of wild pigs Sus of the Philippines.

Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 120: 163-191.

Abstract:

Native wild pigs of the Philippines are now in grave danger of extinction. Study of available material indicates that three species are present: Sundaland Sus barbatus on Palawan, and two endemic species, Sus philippensis (with three subspecies, one of them here described as new) on Luzon, Mindanao, Basilan, Leyte, Samar, Catanduanes and Mindoro, and Sus cebifroms on Negros, debit and Panay. Specimens from Jolo. Masbale and Bohol presently remain unallocated to species, and may reflect the occurrence of hybridization.

groves-biblio

Naturgeschichtliche Reisen durch Nord-Afrika und West-Asien in den Jahren 1820 bis 1825 von Dr. W. F. Hemprich und Dr. C. G. Ehrenberg, Historischer Theil.

Mittler, Berlin 1828.

Kostenloses e-Book: https://books.google.ch/books/about/Naturgeschichtliche_reisen_durch_Nord_Af.html?id=3YooAAAAYAAJ&redir_esc=y

ehrenberg-biblio